Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

PDB rendering based on 1i7g.

Available structures
PDB	1I7G, 1K7L, 1KKQ, 2NPA, 2P54, 2REW, 2ZNN, 3ET1, 3FEI, 3G8I, 3KDT, 3KDU

Identifiers

Symbols

PPARA; MGC2237; MGC2452; NR1C1; PPAR; PPARalpha; hPPAR

External IDs

OMIM: 170998 MGI: 104740 HomoloGene: 21047 IUPHAR: NR1C1 GeneCards: PPARA Gene

Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• DNA binding • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • ligand-regulated transcription factor activity • steroid hormone receptor activity • ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity • protein binding • drug binding • zinc ion binding • lipid binding • protein domain specific binding • ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding • sequence-specific DNA binding • metal ion binding • MDM2 binding
Cellular component	• nucleus • nucleoplasm
Biological process	• negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • response to hypoxia • transcription, DNA-dependent • transcription, DNA-dependent • regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • lipid metabolic process • fatty acid metabolic process • heart development • epidermis development • gene expression • negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation • negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation • negative regulation of receptor biosynthetic process • negative regulation of cholesterol storage • negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride • fatty acid transport • regulation of fatty acid metabolic process • positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation • negative regulation of appetite • response to insulin stimulus • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by nuclear hormone receptor • wound healing • lipoprotein metabolic process • steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway • cellular lipid metabolic process • negative regulation of blood pressure • negative regulation of glycolysis • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation • regulation of glycolysis by positive regulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter • regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter • regulation of lipid transport by positive regulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO

RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

RefSeq (mRNA)

RefSeq (protein)

Location (UCSC)

Chr 22:
46.55 – 46.64 Mb

Chr 15:
85.57 – 85.63 Mb

PubMed search

[1]

[2]

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha), also known as NR1C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 1), is a nuclear receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the PPARA gene.^[1]

1 Function
2 Interactions
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading

Function

PPAR-alpha is a transcription factor and a major regulator of lipid metabolism in the liver. PPAR-alpha is activated under nutrient-deficient conditions and is necessary for the process of ketogenesis, a key adaptive response to prolonged fasting ^[2]. Activation of PPAR-alpha promotes uptake, utilization, and catabolism of fatty acids by upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid transport and peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. PPAR-alpha is primarily activated through ligand binding. Synthetic ligands include the fibrate drugs, which are used to treat hyperlipidemia. An endogenous ligand has been identified as the phosphatidylcholine species 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine ^[3]. Endogenous activation of PPAR-alpha is dependent on the presence of fatty acid synthase.

Interactions

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha has been shown to interact with:

References

^ Sher T, Yi HF, McBride OW, Gonzalez FJ (June 1993). "cDNA cloning, chromosomal mapping, and functional characterization of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor". Biochemistry 32 (21): 5598–604. doi:10.1021/bi00072a015. PMID 7684926.
^ Kersten S, Seydoux J, Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ, Desvergne B, Wahli W. (June 1999). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mediates the adaptive response to fasting.". J Clin Invest. 103 (11): 1489–98. doi:10.1172/JCI6223. PMC 408372. PMID 10359558. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=408372.
^ Chakravarthy MV, Lodhi IJ, Yin L, Malapaka RR, Xu HE, Turk J, Semenkovich CF. (August 2009). "Identification of a physiologically relevant endogenous ligand for PPARalpha in liver.". Cell. 138 (3): 476–88. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.036. PMC 2725194. PMID 19646743. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2725194.
^ ^a ^b Sumanasekera WK, Tien ES, Turpey R, Vanden Heuvel JP, Perdew GH (February 2003). "Evidence that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is complexed with the 90-kDa heat shock protein and the hepatitis virus B X-associated protein 2". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (7): 4467–73. doi:10.1074/jbc.M211261200. PMID 12482853.
^ ^a ^b Dowell P, Ishmael JE, Avram D, Peterson VJ, Nevrivy DJ, Leid M (December 1997). "p300 functions as a coactivator for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (52): 33435–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.33435. PMID 9407140.
^ ^a ^b Dowell P, Ishmael JE, Avram D, Peterson VJ, Nevrivy DJ, Leid M (May 1999). "Identification of nuclear receptor corepressor as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha interacting protein". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (22): 15901–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.22.15901. PMID 10336495.
^ Treuter E, Albrektsen T, Johansson L, Leers J, Gustafsson JA (June 1998). "A regulatory role for RIP140 in nuclear receptor activation". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (6): 864–81. doi:10.1210/me.12.6.864. PMID 9626662.

Bouwens M, Afman LA, Müller M. (2008). "Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals an individual gene expression profile response.". BMC Genomics 9: 262. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-262. PMC 2430976. PMID 18518955. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2430976.
Berger J, Moller DE (2002). "The mechanisms of action of PPARs.". Annu. Rev. Med. 53: 409–35. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104018. PMID 11818483.
Kuenzli S, Saurat JH (2003). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in cutaneous biology.". Br. J. Dermatol. 149 (2): 229–36. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05532.x. PMID 12932225.
Mandard S, Müller M, Kersten S (2004). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha target genes.". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 (4): 393–416. doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3216-3. PMID 14999402.
van Raalte DH, Li M, Pritchard PH, Wasan KM (2005). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha: a pharmacological target with a promising future.". Pharm. Res. 21 (9): 1531–8. doi:10.1023/B:PHAM.0000041444.06122.8d. PMID 15497675.
Lefebvre P, Chinetti G, Fruchart JC, Staels B (2006). "Sorting out the roles of PPAR alpha in energy metabolism and vascular homeostasis.". J. Clin. Invest. 116 (3): 571–80. doi:10.1172/JCI27989. PMC 1386122. PMID 16511589. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1386122.
Mukherjee R, Jow L, Noonan D, McDonnell DP (1995). "Human and rat peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) demonstrate similar tissue distribution but different responsiveness to PPAR activators.". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 51 (3-4): 157–66. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(94)90089-2. PMID 7981125.
Miyata KS, McCaw SE, Patel HV, et al. (1996). "The orphan nuclear hormone receptor LXR alpha interacts with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and inhibits peroxisome proliferator signaling.". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (16): 9189–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.16.9189. PMID 8621574.
Chu R, Lin Y, Rao MS, Reddy JK (1996). "Cloning and identification of rat deoxyuridine triphosphatase as an inhibitor of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (44): 27670–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.44.27670. PMID 8910358.
Tugwood JD, Aldridge TC, Lambe KG, et al. (1997). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: structures and function.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 804: 252–65. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb18620.x. PMID 8993548.
Li H, Gomes PJ, Chen JD (1997). "RAC3, a steroid/nuclear receptor-associated coactivator that is related to SRC-1 and TIF2.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (16): 8479–84. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8479. PMC 22964. PMID 9238002. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22964.
Dowell P, Ishmael JE, Avram D, et al. (1998). "p300 functions as a coactivator for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (52): 33435–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.33435. PMID 9407140.
Inoue I, Shino K, Noji S, et al. (1998). "Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) in primary cultures of human vascular endothelial cells.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 246 (2): 370–4. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8622. PMID 9610365.
Treuter E, Albrektsen T, Johansson L, et al. (1998). "A regulatory role for RIP140 in nuclear receptor activation.". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (6): 864–81. doi:10.1210/me.12.6.864. PMID 9626662.
Rubino D, Driggers P, Arbit D, et al. (1998). "Characterization of Brx, a novel Dbl family member that modulates estrogen receptor action.". Oncogene 16 (19): 2513–26. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201783. PMID 9627117.
Yuan CX, Ito M, Fondell JD, et al. (1998). "The TRAP220 component of a thyroid hormone receptor- associated protein (TRAP) coactivator complex interacts directly with nuclear receptors in a ligand-dependent fashion.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (14): 7939–44. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.7939. PMC 20908. PMID 9653119. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20908.
Chinetti G, Griglio S, Antonucci M, et al. (1998). "Activation of proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma induces apoptosis of human monocyte-derived macrophages.". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (40): 25573–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.40.25573. PMID 9748221.
Costet P, Legendre C, Moré J, et al. (1998). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-isoform deficiency leads to progressive dyslipidemia with sexually dimorphic obesity and steatosis.". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (45): 29577–85. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.45.29577. PMID 9792666.
Masuda N, Yasumo H, Furusawa T, et al. (1998). "Nuclear receptor binding factor-1 (NRBF-1), a protein interacting with a wide spectrum of nuclear hormone receptors.". Gene 221 (2): 225–33. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00461-2. PMID 9795230.
Ellinghaus P, Wolfrum C, Assmann G, et al. (1999). "Phytanic acid activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in sterol carrier protein 2-/ sterol carrier protein x-deficient mice.". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (5): 2766–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.5.2766. PMID 9915808.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

PDB gallery

1i7g: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE LIGAND BINDING DOMAIN FROM HUMAN PPAR-ALPHA IN COMPLEX WITH THE AGONIST AZ 242

1k7l: The 2.5 Angstrom resolution crystal structure of the human PPARalpha ligand binding domain bound with GW409544 and a co-activator peptide.

1kkq: Crystal structure of the human PPAR-alpha ligand-binding domain in complex with an antagonist GW6471 and a SMRT corepressor motif

2p54: a crystal structure of PPAR alpha bound with SRC1 peptide and GW735

Transcription factors and intracellular receptors

(1) Basic domains

(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)	Activating transcription factor (AATF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) · AP-1 (c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, JDP2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) · BACH (1, 2) · BATF · BLZF1 · C/EBP (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) · CREB (1, 3, L1) · CREM · DBP · DDIT3 · GABPA · HLF · MAF (B, F, G, K) · NFE (2, L1, L2, L3) · NFIL3 · NRL · NRF (1, 2, 3) · XBP1

(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)	ATOH1 · AhR · AHRR · ARNT · ASCL1 · BHLHB2 · BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) · CLOCK · EPAS1 · FIGLA · HAND (1, 2) · HES (5, 6) · HEY (1, 2, L) · HES1 · HIF (1A, 3A) · ID (1, 2, 3, 4) · LYL1 · MESP2 · MXD4 · MYCL1 · MYCN · Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) · Neurogenins (1, 2, 3) · NeuroD (1, 2) · NPAS (1, 2, 3) · OLIG (1, 2) · Pho4 · Scleraxis · SIM (1, 2) · TAL (1, 2) · Twist · USF1

(1.3) bHLH-ZIP	AP-4 · MAX · MITF · MNT · MLX · MXI1 · Myc · SREBP (1, 2)

(1.4) NF-1	NFI (A, B, C, X) · SMAD (R-SMAD (1, 2, 3, 5, 9) - I-SMAD (6, 7) - 4)

(1.5) RF-X	RFX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ANK)

(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)	AP-2 (α, β, γ, δ, ε)

(2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains

(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys₄)	subfamily 1 (Thyroid hormone (α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR (α, β), PPAR (α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR (α, β, γ), ROR (α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA (α, β), VDR) subfamily 2 (COUP-TF (I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 (α, γ), PNR, RXR (α, β, γ), Testicular receptor (2, 4), TLX) subfamily 3 (Steroid hormone (Androgen, Estrogen (α, β), Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone), Estrogen related (α, β, γ)) subfamily 4 NUR (NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) · subfamily 5 (LRH-1, SF1) · subfamily 6 (GCNF) · subfamily 0 (DAX1, SHP)

(2.2) Other Cys₄	GATA (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) · MTA (1, 2, 3) · TRPS1

(2.3) Cys₂His₂	General transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE (1, 2), TFIIF (1, 2), TFIIH (1, 2, 4, 2I, 3A, 3C1, 3C2)) ATBF1 · BCL (6, 11A, 11B) · CTCF · E4F1 · EGR (1, 2, 3, 4) · ERV3 · GFI1 · GLI-Krüppel family (1, 2, 3, REST, S2, YY1) · HIC (1, 2) · HIVEP (1, 2, 3) · IKZF (1, 2, 3) · ILF (2, 3) · KLF (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17) · MTF1 · MYT1 · OSR1 · PRDM9 · SALL (1, 2, 3, 4) · SP (1, 2, 4, 7, 8) · TSHZ3 · WT1 · Zbtb7 (7A, 7B) · ZBTB (16, 17, 20, 32, 33, 40) · zinc finger (3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 22, 24, 33B, 34, 35, 41, 43, 44, 51, 74, 143, 146, 148, 165, 202, 217, 219, 238, 239, 259, 267, 268, 281, 295, 300, 318, 330, 346, 350, 365, 366, 384, 423, 451, 452, 471, 593, 638, 644, 649, 655)

(2.4) Cys₆	HIVEP1

(2.5) Alternating composition	AIRE · DIDO1 · GRLF1 · ING (1, 2, 4) · JARID (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2) · JMJD1B

(3) Helix-turn-helix domains

(3.1) Homeodomain	ARX · CDX (1, 2) · CRX · CUTL1 · DBX (1, 2) · DLX (3, 4, 5) · EMX2 · EN (1, 2) · FHL (1, 2, 3) · HESX1 · HHEX · HLX · Homeobox (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, D1, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) · HOPX · IRX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, MKX) · LMX (1A, 1B) · MEIS (1, 2) · MEOX2 · MNX1 · MSX (1, 2) · NANOG · NKX (2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 3-1, 3-2, 6-1, 6-2) · NOBOX · PBX (1, 2, 3) · PHF (1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 20, 21A) · PHOX (2A, 2B) · PITX (1, 2, 3) · POU domain (PIT-1, BRN-3: A, B, C, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7, 11) · OTX (1, 2) · PDX1 · SATB2 · SHOX2 · VAX1 · ZEB (1, 2)

(3.2) Paired box	PAX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

(3.3) Fork head / winged helix	E2F (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) · FOX proteins (A1, A2, A3, C1, C2, D3, D4, E1, E3, F1, G1, H1, I1, J1, J2, K1, K2, L2, M1, N1, N3, O1, O3, O4, P1, P2, P3, P4)

(3.4) Heat Shock Factors	HSF (1, 2, 4)

(3.5) Tryptophan clusters	ELF (2, 4, 5) · EGF · ELK (1, 3, 4) · ERF · ETS (1, 2, ERG, SPIB) · ETV (1, 4, 5, 6) · FLI1 · Interferon regulatory factors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) · MYB · MYBL2

(3.6) TEA domain	transcriptional enhancer factor (1, 2, 3, 4)

(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts

(4.1) Rel homology region	NF-κB (NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA, RELB) · NFAT (C1, C2, C3, C4, 5)

(4.2) STAT	STAT (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

(4.3) p53	p53 · TBX (1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 21, 22, Brachyury, TBR1, TBR2) · TP63

(4.4) MADS box	Mef2 (A, B, C, D) · SRF

(4.6) TATA binding proteins	TBP · TBPL1

(4.7) High-mobility group	BBX · HMGB (1, 2, 3, 4) · HMGN (1, 2, 3, 4) · HNF (1A, 1B) · LEF1 · SOX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21) · SRY · SSRP1 · TCF (3, 4) · TOX (1, 2, 3, 4)

(4.10) Cold-shock domain	CSDA, YBX1

(4.11) Runt	CBF (CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, RUNX1, RUNX2, RUNX3, RUNX1T1)

(0) Other transcription factors

(0.2) HMGI(Y)	HMGA (1, 2) · HBP1

(0.3) Pocket domain	Rb · RBL1 · RBL2

(0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors	Apetala 2 · EREBP · B3

(0.6) Miscellaneous	ARID (1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B, 4A) · CAP · IFI (16, 35) · MLL (2, 3, T1) · MNDA · NFY (A, B, C) · Rho/Sigma

see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
B bsyn: dna (repl, cycl, reco, repr) · tscr (fact, tcrg, nucl, rnat, rept, ptts) · tltn (risu, pttl, nexn) · dnab, rnab/runp · stru (domn, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

Contents

Function

Interactions

See also

References

Further reading